Manyan haɗari biyar na gurɓacewar harmonic! Kayan aikin ku yana rage tsawon rayuwarsa a hankali.

Gurɓacewar harmonic, wacce ba za ka iya gani ko taɓawa ba: A wuraren masana’antu, sabbin motoci suna yin zafi fiye da kima bayan ƴan watanni kaɗan; a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman, bayanan kayan aiki suna canzawa akai-akai kuma suna zama marasa tabbas; kwamfutoci da firintocin ofis suna daina aiki kwatsam akai-akai… Lokacin da waɗannan matsalolin ke faruwa akai-akai, shin ka taɓa yin zargin cewa wata matsalar lantarki ce marar ganuwa ke lalata kayan aikin ku a hankali? Wannan ita ce gurɓacewar harmonic.

01 Menene harmonics?

A yanayin da ya dace, wutar lantarki da yawan wutar (voltage da current) na grid ɗin wutar ya kamata su zama santsin raƙuman sine (50Hz ko 60Hz). Duk da haka, nau’ikan lodi marasa layi (nonlinear loads) waɗanda ake amfani da su sosai a kayan aikin zamani (kamar masu sauya mita (frequency converters), masu gyara wutar (rectifier power supplies), fitilun LED, masu sauya wutar (switching power supplies), kayan aikin baka (arc equipment), da sauransu) suna saka wani adadi mai yawa na wutar “ƙazanta” mai mitoci waɗanda ke ninka mitar asali (50Hz) cikin grid ɗin wutar. Waɗannan suna “gurɓata” siffar wutar ta asali, suna tilasta mata ƙetare hanyarta ta sinusoidal kuma suna haifar da nakasu—wannan shi ne harmonics.

02 Waɗanne munanan sakamako ne harmonics ke iya haifarwa?

Haɗari na 1: Ƙaruwar Zafin Kayan Aiki da Rage Tsawon Rayuwa

Matsakaicin wutar harmonic (harmonic currents) suna aiki azaman ƙarin nauyin wutar mai girma a cikin tsarin. Lokacin da suke gudana ta cikin masu gudanarwa (conductors), asarar zafinsu tana bin dokar Joule (P = I²R). Saboda yawan mitarsu, wutar harmonic tana ƙara tasirin fata (skin effect) da tasirin kusanci (proximity effect), wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar juriya mai inganci da kuma samar da zafi wanda ya wuce na wutar asali daidai gwargwado.

Yawan hawan zafin transfoma yana hanzarta tsufan insulator, yana rage tsawon rayuwa, kuma yana tilasta rage ƙarfin aiki. Zafin kebul da wayoyi yana haifar da tsufan insulator, taurin rauni, har ma da lalacewa. Wutar harmonic tana haifar da ƙarin asarar jan ƙarfe da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin motoci, wanda ke haifar da raguwar ingancin mota, hawan zafi fiye da kima, raguwar fitar da aiki, da ƙaruwar girgiza da hayaniya.

Haɗari na 2: “Barawon Boye” a Lissafin Wutar Ku

Asarar da harmonic ke haifarwa tana canzawa kai tsaye zuwa zafi. Wannan makamashin da aka ɓata har yanzu ana ƙididdige shi a mitar ku. Mafi mahimmanci, harmonic na ƙara yawan wutar da ba ta da inganci (reactive power) sosai. Kamfanoni da yawa sun haɗa sashe a kan lissafin wutar su waɗanda ke sanya tara (penalty) bisa iyakar wutar da ba ta da inganci ko factor na wutar; gurɓacewar harmonic kai tsaye tana sa waɗannan taruka su ƙaru sosai. Masana’anta ɗaya ba tare da sarrafa harmonic ba na iya ɗaukar ɗaruruwan dubun yuan na ƙarin kuɗin wutar a kowace shekara.

Haɗari na 3: Katsewar Aiki na Karya da Katsewar Samarwa Ba Tabbatacciya Ba

Na’urorin yanke wuta na musamman (circuit breakers) da na’urorin kariya na relay an tsara su don amsa yawan wutar lantarki na yau da kullun (power frequency). Lokacin da wutar harmonic mai ƙarfi take gudana, na’urar kariya tana da sauƙin yin kuskuren fassara su a matsayin wutar lalacewa, tana haifar da katsewar wuta ba zato ba tsammani. Katsewar layukan samarwa masu sarrafa kai kwatsam, rushewar sabobin mahimmanci, da ɓarnar ayyukan injina na musamman… Katsewar aiki ba zato ba tsammani da gurɓacewar harmonic ke haifarwa ba wai kawai tana haifar da asarar samfur kai tsaye ba, har ma tana lalata tsare-tsaren samarwa sosai, tana raɗa amanar abokan ciniki, kuma tana da sakamako mara ƙima.

Haɗari na 4: Bala’i ga Kayan Aikin Musamman

Ga kayan aikin da suka dogara da madaidaitan raƙuman wutar lantarki ko kayan lantarki masu mahimmanci (kamar na’urorin hoton likitanci, na’urorin aunawa na musamman, da tsarin sarrafawa da sadarwa), gurɓacewar harmonic bala’i ne. Nakasar raƙuman wutar lantarki na iya haifar da aiki mara kyau na wutar cikin gida, wanda ke haifar da karatun bayanai mara kyau, canjin bayanai, lahani na hoto, har ma da kurakurai na tunani (logical errors).

Haɗari na 5: “Abun Murkushewa” na Gurguwar Tsarin

Gurɓacewar harmonic tana haifar da lalacewa ta tarawa kuma mai mutuƙar muni ga ababen more rayuwa na tsarin wutar lantarki:

5.1. Capacitors: Wutar harmonic tana da sauƙin haifar da nauyi fiye da kima, zafi, kumbura, har ma da fashewar capacitors na biya diyya (compensation capacitors).

5.2. Transfoma: Asarar ƙarin tana haifar da raguwar ƙarfin aiki, zafi, ƙaruwar hayaniya, da raguwa mai kaifi a rayuwar insulator.

5.3. Layin Neutral: Haɗuwar harmonic na uku (third harmonics) a kan layin neutral na iya haifar da ƙaruwa mara kyau a wutar neutral ko ma nauyi fiye da kima (har zuwa sau 1.7 na wutar lokaci (phase current)), yana ƙone kebul ko haifar da gobara.

5.4. Janareto: Wutar harmonic tana haifar da zafin rotor da girgiza karkata (torsional vibration), tana yiwa lafiyar janareton kanta barazana.

03 Yaya ake magance harmonics da warware matsalar?

1. Aunawar Harmonic:

Ta amfani da ƙwararren mai nazarin ingancin wutar lantarki (power quality analyzer), ana gudanar da sa ido a mahimman wuraren rarraba wutar don samun cikakkun bayanai kamar adadin nakasar wutar harmonic/mitar (THDv/THDi), abun ciki na harmonic na kowane oda, da factor na wutar.

2. Fassarar Rahoton:

Ana mai da hankali kan ko odojin harmonic da suka wuce kima da jimillar adadin nakasa sun wuce iyakokin ƙa’idodin ƙasa. Gano manyan tushen harmonic.

3. Rage Harmonic

3.1. Tace Harmonic Aiki (Active Harmonic Filter): Na’ura ce ta zamani, mai inganci, kuma mai sauƙi. Ta hanyar gano wutar harmonic na lodi a ainihin lokaci (real-time), tana samar da wutar biya diyya mai girman daidai amma a kishiyar hanya, tana saka ta cikin grid ɗin wutar don soke harmonic a tsaye.

3.2. Ƙara ƙarfin gajeren kewayawa na tsarin/inganta tsarin hanyar sadarwa.

3.3. Zaɓi kayan aiki masu ƙarancin harmonic: Lokacin siyan masu sauya mita, UPS, masu sauya wutar, da fitilun LED, kula da alamar adadin wutar shigar su (kamar THDi < 5%).

3.4. Amfani da capacitor biya diyya kawai a hankali.

Raƙuman wutar (current waveform) kafin shigar da tace harmonic aiki

Raƙuman wutar (current waveform) bayan shigar da tace harmonic aiki