Yadda ake lissafta da zaɓar ƙarfin tacewa mai aiki?

Ƙayyade ƙarfin AHF (Active Power Filter) shine mataki mafi mahimmanci a zaɓi. Ƙarfin da bai isa ba zai haifar da rashin daidaiton gyara ko ma lalacewar kayan aiki, yayin da ƙarfin da ya wuce kima zai haifar da ɓarnar jari. Waɗannan su ne matakai da hanyoyin ƙayyade ƙarfin APF:

Ƙa’ida ta Jiki: Ƙarfin da aka ƙididdige na AHF (yawanci ana bayyana shi a amperes) dole ne ya fi ko daidai da ƙimar ingantacciyar jimlar vector na igiyoyin harmonic da igiyoyin reactive da yake buƙatar ramawa, tare da tazarar da ta dace.

Matakai na Ƙayyade Ƙarfin AHF

1. Gano Maƙasudin Gyara:

Lodi mara layi guda: kamar masu sauya mita, tanderun matsakaiciyar mita, manyan UPS, na’urorin gyara, da sauransu. Wannan shine yanayi mai kyau.

Rukunin lododi marasa layi: kamar masu sauya mita da yawa akan layukan samarwa da yawa.

Dukkan tsarin rarraba wutar lantarki/busbar: Gyara jimlar igiyar harmonic da duk lododi akan wannan busbar ke samarwa. Wannan shine yanayi mafi yawan gaske.

2. Samun Bayanan Igwiya Harmonic:

2.1 Hanya ta Farko: Aunawa na Gaskiya (Mafi Daidai, An fi Ba da Shawara)

2.11 Yi amfani da ƙwararren mai nazarin ingancin wutar lantarki (misali, Fluke, Hioki, YOKOGAWA, da sauransu).

2.12 Yi aunawa a wurin da aka yi niyya don gyara (misali, ƙarshen shigar da lodi mara layi, busbar da za a gyara).

2.13 Auna Maɓallan Sigogi:

Ƙimar RMS na Igwiya ta Asali: `I₁` (A)

Adadin Gurbacewar Harmonic: `THDi` (%) – Wannan shine rabon jimlar ƙimar RMS na igiyar harmonic zuwa ƙimar RMS na igiyar asali.

Abun ciki na Igwiya Harmonic: `I₅`, `I₇`, `I₁₁`, `I₁₃`, da sauransu. (A ko %) – Fahimtar rarraba bakan yana taimakawa ga dabarun sarrafa AHF da ƙirar ƙarfi, amma `THDi` ana amfani da shi musamman don ƙididdige jimlar ƙarfin.

Yanayin Aunawa: Ya kamata a yi aunawa a ƙarƙashin yanayin lodi harmonic mafi girma na yau da kullun. Idan yanayin lodi ya bambanta sosai, ya kamata a auna yanayi da yawa na yau da kullun, kuma a rubuta mafi munin yanayi (mafi girman THDi).

Tsawon Lokaci: Ya kamata lokacin aunawa ya yi tsayi isa ya rufe zagayen aiki na lodi.

2.2 Hanya ta Biyu: Ƙididdiga na Ka’ida (ƙananan daidaito, ya dace da zaɓi na farko ko lokacin da ba za a iya aunawa na gaskiya ba)

2.21 Tuntuɓi Littafin Jagorar Kayan Aiki: Wasu kayan aiki (kamar masu sauya mita) littattafan jagora za su ba da THDi na igiyar shigarwa na yau da kullun ko bakan harmonic.

2.22. Ƙididdiga na Kwarewa/Ƙimar Yau da kullun:
Mai Gyara 6-Pulse (ba tare da reactor ba): `THDi` ≈ 30%-50%
Mai Gyara 6-Pulse (tare da reactor DC): `THDi` ≈ 30%-40%
Mai Gyara 6-Pulse (tare da reactor AC): `THDi` ≈ 30%-35%
Mai Gyara 12-Pulse: `THDi` ≈ 10%-15%

2.23. UPS: `THDi` ≈ 25%-40%

2.24. Babban Mita Mai Sauya Wutar Lantarki: `THDi` na iya zama babba sosai (>80%), amma ainihin ƙimar igwiya mai inganci na iya zama ba babba ba.

2.25. Ƙididdigar Igwiya ta Asali: `I₁≈ S / (√3 * U * PF)`. Inda `S` shine ƙarfin bayyanar lodi (kVA), `U` shine ƙarfin layi (V), kuma `PF` shine ƙarfin lodi (ana iya amfani da 0.7-0.9 don ƙididdiga). Lura cewa ƙarfin lododi marasa layi yawanci ya fi ƙanƙanta.

3. Ƙididdige ƙimar RMS na igiyar harmonic da za a gyara:

Misali:
Auna igiyar shigarwa na mai sauya mita I₁ = 100A, THDi = 40%. Sannan Ih = 100A * (40 / 100) = 40A. Wannan yana nufin cewa AHF yana buƙatar samar da aƙalla 40A na ƙarfin gyaran igiyar harmonic.

4. Yi la’akari da Bukatun Gyaran Wutar Reactive:

Idan AHF yana buƙatar gyara duka harmonics da wutar reactive (don inganta ƙarfin wutar), dole ne a haɗa wannan buƙata a cikin lissafin.

Ƙayyade ƙimar ingantacciyar igiyar reactive da za a gyara, `Iq` (A):

`Iq = I₁ * sin(φ)`, inda `φ` shine kusurwar lokaci wanda igiyar lodi ke bayan ƙarfin lantarki (`cosφ` shine ƙarfin wutar).

5. Yin la’akari da Tazara:

5.1 Tazara na Canjin Lodi: Lodi na iya canzawa, kuma matakan harmonic na iya wuce abin da aka auna na ɗan lokaci. Ana ba da shawarar ƙara tazara na 15%-30%.

5.2 Tazara na Faɗaɗa Tsarin: Yi la’akari da yuwuwar ƙarin lododi a nan gaba. Ana ba da shawarar ƙara tazara na 10%-20% (an ƙayyade bisa ga shirin).

5.3 Tazara na Ƙarfin AHF Kansa: AHFs yawanci suna da wani ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi na ɗan gajeren lokaci (misali, 150% nauyi na minti 1), amma ƙarfin da aka ƙididdige ya kamata ya isa don ci gaba da aiki.

5.4. Aiwatar da Tazara: Ninka igiyar `Ih` ko `Ic` da aka ƙididdige a mataki na 3 ko 4 da ma’aunin tazara `K` (misali, 1.2 – 1.5).

`I_ahf = Ih * K` (yana gyara harmonics kawai)
`I_ahf = Ic * K` (yana gyara duka harmonics da wutar reactive)

6. Ƙarshe Ƙayyade Ƙarfin Igwiya na AHF:

Dangane da sakamakon lissafin `I_AHF`, zaɓi samfurin AHF tare da ƙarfin igwiya da aka ƙididdige daidai ko ɗan fi girma da `I_ahf`.

Lura:

Ƙarfin AHF yawanci ana bayyana shi a amperes (misali, 50A, 100A, 300A).

Wani lokaci, ana bayyana ƙarfin ƙarfinsa na bayyanar a kilovolt-amperes (`S_ahf = √3 * U * I_AHF`). Duk da haka, igwiya ita ce mafi kai tsaye tushen zaɓi.

Matakin ƙarfin lantarki dole ne ya dace da ƙarfin tsarin (misali, 380V, 400V, 480V, 690V, da sauransu).

Takaitaccen Abubuwan La’akari:

Igwiya harmonic tana da mahimmanci: Auna daidai ko ƙididdige jimlar ingantacciyar ƙimar igiyar harmonic (`Ih`) a wurin gyaran da aka yi niyya shine tushe.

Bukatun gyaran wutar reactive: Idan ana buƙatar gyaran wutar reactive a lokaci guda, dole ne a ƙididdige igiyar reactive (`Iq`) kuma a haɗa ta da vector tare da igiyar harmonic (`Ic`).

Tazara mai isa tana da mahimmanci: Canjin lodi, faɗaɗa tsarin, da halayen AHF kansa duk suna buƙatar tazara mai isa. Zai fi kyau a yi kuskure ta gefen manyan tazara fiye da ƙanana, amma a guji ɓarna mai yawa.

An fi son aunawa na gaskiya: Ƙididdiga na ka’ida suna da kurakurai masu yawa; ana ba da shawarar aunawa na gaskiya na ingancin wutar lantarki, musamman a ƙarƙashin lododi masu rikitarwa ko yanayin aiki mai canzawa.

Ƙarfin lantarki na tsarin: Ƙarfin lantarki da aka ƙididdige na AHF dole ne ya dace da ƙarfin lantarki na tsarin a wurin shigarwa.

Zazzabi na yanayi: Ƙarfin AHF yawanci ana daidaita shi a daidaitaccen zazzabi na yanayi (misali, 40°C). Idan zazzabin yanayi na shigarwa ya fi girma, ana iya buƙatar rage ƙarfin ko zaɓar samfurin mafi girma. Tsarin AHF: AHF na layi ɗaya shine mafi yawan gaske, kuma an ƙayyade ƙarfinsa kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Sauran nau’ikan (kamar jerin da haɗe) suna da irin wannan ƙa’idodin ƙayyade ƙarfi, amma fifiko na iya bambanta.

Tuntuɓar Mai Ƙera: Sanar da mai samar da AHF bayanan aunawarka, yanayin lodi, da buƙatunka; yawanci za su ba da shawarar zaɓi na ƙwararru da lissafi.

Takaitaccen Tsarin Ƙididdiga (Gyaran Harmonic Kawai)

`Ƙarfin Igwiya na AHF (I_ahf) ≥ [Ƙimar RMS na Igwiya ta Asali (I₁) × Gurbacewar Harmonic (THDi%) / 100] × (1 + Ma’aunin Tazara)`

Misali: Ga busbar rarraba 380V, a ƙarƙashin mafi girman yanayin aiki da aka auna:

`I₁ = 800A` `THDi = 25%`

Ana buƙatar gyaran harmonic kawai; ƙarfin wutar da aka yi niyya ya karɓu. Yin la’akari da tazara na canjin lodi na 20% da tazara na faɗaɗa na 10%, jimlar ma’aunin tazara `K = 1.3`
Lissafi: `Ih = 800A * (25 / 100) = 200A`
`I_ahf = 200A * 1.3 = 260A`
Zaɓi: Zaɓi AHF na layi ɗaya na 380V tare da ƙarfin gyaran igwiya da ba kasa da 260A ba (misali, samfurin 300A).

Ta bin matakai da hanyoyin da ke sama, da kuma yin la’akari da tazara a hankali tare da yanayin gaskiya, za a iya ƙayyade ƙarfin AHF a kimiyance kuma a hankali, tabbatar da ingantaccen, amintaccen, da tattalin arzikin aikinsa.