Cikakken Bayani: Ƙarfe na Siliki na Gawarorin Wutar Lantarki

Tawada (transformer) galibi yana kunshe da gawar ƙarfe (iron core) da madugu (conductors). Gawar ƙarfe an yi shi ne da ƙarfe na siliki da aka yi wa laushi (laminated silicon steel sheets). Ƙarfe na siliki su ne ƙarfe masu ƙunshen siliki daga 0.8% zuwa 4.8%, masu ƙarfin shigar da maganadisu (magnetic permeability). A cikin tawada, ƙarfe na siliki na iya samar da ƙarfin shigar da maganadisu mai girma, kuma ayyukansu ne ke ƙayyade girman tawada.

Ƙarfe na siliki suna ƙayyade asarar wutar lantarki ta tawada.

Lokacin da tawada ke aiki, tana samar da asarar wutar lantarki. Akwai manyan nau’ikan asara guda biyu: asarar jan ƙarfe (copper losses) saboda juriyar zobba (coils), da asarar ƙarfe (iron losses) a cikin ƙarfe na siliki, wanda ake kira “asarar ƙarfe.” Akwai abubuwa biyu da ke haifar da asarar ƙarfe a cikin ƙarfe na siliki: “asarar hystersis” (hysteresis loss) da “asarar igiyar ruwa ta eddy” (eddy current loss).

Asarar hystersis ita ce asarar ƙarfe da ake samu yayin aikin maganadisu na gawar ƙarfe saboda wanzuwar maganadisu na hystersis. Girman wannan asara ya yi daidai da girman yankin da madaukin hystersis na kayan ya kewaye. Ƙarfe na siliki yana da madaukin hystersis mai ƙunci, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin asarar hystersis a gawar tawada, wanda hakan ke rage samar da zafi sosai.

Madaukin Hystersis na Tawada (Hoto na 1)

Asarar igiyar ruwa ta eddy tana faruwa ne ta hanyar igiyoyin ruwa da ake samarwa a cikin gawar ƙarfe, suna kewayawa a cikin wani jirgin sama mai daidaita zuwa ga alkiblar maganadisu (magnetic flux). Ita ma tana haifar da zafin gawar ƙarfe. Don rage wannan asara, ƙarfe na siliki ana yi musu laushi (laminated) don ƙara juriya a hanyar igiyar ruwa ta eddy.

Asarar Igiyar Ruwa ta Eddy na Tawada (Hoto na 2)

Yadda Ƙarfe na Siliki ke Samar da Maganadisu da Kuma Tasiri Ga Ɗaga da Rage Wutar Lantarki

Ƙarfe na siliki suna ƙayyade asarar wutar lantarki ta tawada. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, girma da siffarsu sune muhimman abubuwa masu tasiri ga asarar wutar lantarki. A ka’ida, idan ƙarfe na siliki sun fi bakin ciki kuma ƴan tsiri da aka haɗa su fi ƙunci, mafi kyawun sakamako. Duk da haka, dole ne a kuma yi la’akari da inganci da ingantaccen yanki na laushin (lamination). Galibi, gawarorin tawada suna amfani da ƙarfe na siliki mai naɗi da sanyi (cold-rolled) mai kauri 0.35mm.

Laushin Gawar Tawada (Hoto na 3)

Tawada ana yin su ne bisa ƙa’idar shigar da maganadisu (electromagnetic induction). Ana naɗa zobba biyu, zobe na farko (primary winding) da zobe na biyu (secondary winding), a kan gawar ƙarfe mai rufewa. Lokacin da aka haɗa zobe na farko da wutar lantarki ta AC, igiyar ruwa ta AC tana gudana a cikinsa, tana samar da ƙarfin motsi na maganadisu (magnetomotive force – MOF). A ƙarƙashin tasirin wannan MOF, ana samar da maganadisu na AC a cikin gawar ƙarfe.

A bisa ka’idar Lenz, maganadisu da igiyar ruwa da aka samar ta haifar tana adawa da canjin maganadisu na asali. Yayin da igiyar ruwa da aka samar ta ƙaru, maganadisu da aka samar ya zama akasin maganadisu na asali, wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin wutar lantarki na AC a zobe na biyu. Don haka, gawar ƙarfe ita ce sashin da’irar maganadisu na tawada, wanda ke bayyana ƙa’idar ƙara da rage wutar lantarki.

Alamomin Ayyuka don Zaɓin Ƙarfe na Siliki:

A. Ƙarancin Asarar Ƙarfe: Mafi mahimmancin alamar inganci. Ƙasashe a duniya suna amfani da ƙimar asarar ƙarfe don rarraba matsayi; idan asarar ƙarfe ta yi ƙasa, matsayi ya fi girma kuma inganci ya fi kyau.

B. Ƙarfin Shigar da Maganadisu Mai Girma: Ƙarfe na siliki waɗanda ke samar da ƙarfin shigar da maganadisu mafi girma a ƙarƙashin wannan filin maganadisu suna haifar da ƙanana da sauƙi na gawarorin mota ko tawada, suna adana ƙarfe na siliki, wayar jan ƙarfe, da kayan rufewa.

C. Babban Matsayin Tarin Laushi (Stacking Factor). Ƙarfe na siliki suna da santsi, daidai, da kauri ɗaya, wanda ke inganta ƙimar tarin laushi don kera gawar ƙarfe.

D. Kyawawan halayen naushi (stamping).

E. Kyakkyawan mannewa da walda (weldability) na saman ƙarfe ga rufin.

F. Tsufan maganadisu (Magnetic aging).

G. Dole ne a ba da ƙarfe na siliki bayan an yi musu annealing da pickling.